Persuasive Essay On Sweatshops - 1022 Words

Sweltering heat, long hours, unfair working conditions are a few descriptive words that Americans use to describe a sweatshop. I believe our judgment is being misguided by the success of our nation, and it is imperative we redefine the word â€Å"sweatshop†. Individuals that endure life in third world countries know hardships that Americans could not imagine. If we were to recognize these economical differences it may shine a light on why these workers seek sweatshop jobs. In many of these cases, children must work to aid in the family’s survival. If these jobs are voluntary and both parties agree to working conditions, it results in a mutually beneficial arrangement. One of the worst things we can do as outsiders, to help these impoverished†¦show more content†¦In a column written by Nicholas D. Kristof, he quotes a 19-year-old girl, â€Å"I’d love to get a job in a factory, at least that work is in the shade.† (120) This 19-year-old girl is stri ving for a job that many outsiders are striving to eradicate. In these impoverished countries families bring in so little money they are forced to ask their children to seek work so their families can survive. Together with the low family income and the price of public education, which is about $150 dollars a month, without meals, schooling is out of the question for a large majority of people. (How much do schools cost in China?) Families are not in the financial situation to set school as a priority. Therefore, many children are recruited to assist the family in paying for needs. Americans see child labor as a barbaric act because we have been spoiled with a great system designed with public education being paid for by our taxes. While Chinese citizens do not get that privilege. Many sweatshops allow, against Chinese law, children to work as if they were an adult. Which means children can work very long shifts and often over time. If schooling is not a financially feasible option for a family. What is a child to do? While their family struggles to provide basic needs. The only reasonable option presented to them at the time is to work. While Americans, who do not realize their options are limited, and protest these children working toShow MoreRelatedGoodmans Arguments Against Relativism in Some Moral Minima979 Words   |  4 Pagesrelativism Given the increasing globalization of modern society, combined with the influence of postmodernism, the philosophy of moral relativism has become increasingly popular and accepted within the academy. However, according to Lenn E. Goodmans essay Some moral minima, some things are just wrong. Goodman writes: All living beings make claims to life (Goodman 2010: 88). In other words, to protect the sanctity of human life, sometimes it is necessary to lay down certain absolute ground rulesRead MoreWhy Do People Shop at PRIMARK Regularly? 1337 Words   |  6 PagesBefore I came to the UK, I had never heard of Primark before. Some students from last year recommended me to buy socks, stockings and accessories there and they used â€Å"cost-effective† to describe it, but this â€Å"word-of-mouth† still not persuasive enough to motivate me to take an action. The first time I went to Primark was last September. I passed by the Primark flagship store on Oxford Street, I was extreme ly surprised at the crowd in front of the outlet because almost everyone bought loads of thingsRead MoreA Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address9492 Words   |  38 PagesAddress Liilia Batluk Supervisor: Stuart Foster School of Humanities Halmstad University Bachelor’s thesis in English Acknowledgment My appreciations to my supervisor Stuart Foster for very helpful advice during the research. Abstract In this essay I shall analyze Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address, January, 2009 from the perspective of various linguistic techniques. More specifically, I shall propose and focus on the idea that the composition of the speech has an aim to create a unity of the speakerRead MorePopular Culture and Violent Behavior Essay11795 Words   |  48 Pagesoverlooked until gangster rap flooded onto the scene with groups such as Niggaz with Attitude (N.W.A.). The forming of hatred, culminating in murder and gratuitous violence can be blamed on popular culture , namely, popular rap music. The persuasive lyrics and violent imagery; killing policeman, raping women and murdering girlfriends get into the minds of the listeners causing abhorrence between people from different gangs and races in America. The iconic figures that are merelyRead MoreIntroduction to Large Scale Organizations18988 Words   |  76 Pagescentralisation, provision of info staff regarding to staff on policies, encouraging policy decisions group discussions Strengths: -Potential for greater staff relations -Enables innovation and the utilising of various ideas -Positive corporate culture Persuasive Style where management takes the trouble to communicate decisions thoroughly and effectively. In practice it is similar to the autocratic style (similar characteristics) yet policy is â€Å"sold† to staff but they do not own it -Same as autocraticRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesThey are experts who know things other people do not and are just doing what has to be done. Thus, managerial prerogative – management’s right to manage together with the power and social standing that accompanies it – is morally supported by a persuasive claim to an expertise grounded in superior scientific knowledge. In turn, this knowledge depends upon the philosophical assumption (Figure 1.7) that such neutral access to reality is actually possible in the first place. So, as we noted earlierRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesfactors that make it more necessary than ever to systematically plan and develop library and information services? In thinking about the assignment, and before even reading articles and treatises on change, what are your initial reactions? Present a persuasive argument to the group as you break out into discussions on this theme. Such a dynamic environment provides new challenges and opportunities to revitalize and redefine organizations as well as reinvent information sources and services for both growth

J.R.R. Tolkien Essay example - 1443 Words

J.R.R. Tolkien Merely mentioning the name J.R.R. Tolkien conjures up fantasies. Though his trilogy The Lord of the Rings is well known, not much else is known about the man who was a scholar before anything else. It is, in fact, the cult scale popularity of the trilogy that obscures the many accomplishments that marked his life. He won an exhibition, or a middle class merit scholarship, to Oxford University in 1911. By the time he attained his bachelor’s degree, he was conversant in seven languages and had created another. His definitive translations of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight are still used in colleges today. In the end, though, it will be the popularity of the trilogy for which Professor Tolkien will be†¦show more content†¦Upon graduation he entered Exeter College of Oxford University and continued his philology training. With his BA in philology in hand, Tolkien received a commission and went to war with the rest of his generation. Lt. Tolkien was one of the few men to survive the great Somme offensive, and the experience would affect the remainder of his life. Immediately after the war he returned to academia where he would spend the bulk of his time in a few very distinguished positions in the English department of Oxford University. It is during this time that Professor Tolkien began to write. Much later on he would retire comfortably on the earnings from his most famous work, The Lord of the Rings. One common reading of this trilogy is that it is a Christian allegory. Tolkien was, indeed, a devout Catholic. It is possible, like his life long friend C.S. Lewis, that Tolkien passed into his work the values of his religious views. It has been suggested (though not by the professor himself) that Tolkien recreated God’s world as it was supposed to be before the fall. Because it is God’s world, it is ruled by the same natural order, and therefore hobbits have what Tolkien calls universal morals or natural philosophy and natural religion(Grotta-Kurska 90). Whatever the case, the ethical system very much parallels the Christian system. In private conversations Professor Tolkien is rumored to have said that the lembas givenShow MoreRelatedEssay J.R.R. Tolkien1127 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Ronald Reuel Tolkien, creator of a world. When someone who knows Tolkien is asked about his works, one thought comes to mind, Middle Earth. This was the playground in his mind that such vivid descriptions of fantasylands came from. It is the base of his most well known stories, where dreams are just the norm. br brJ.R.R. may owe much of his success to his diverse beginnings. On April 16, 1891, Mabel Suffield and Arthur Reuel Tolkien were married in Bloemfontein, South Africa. They soon gaveRead More J.R.R. Tolkien Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesJ.R.R. Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973) gained a reputation during the 1960’s and 1970’s as a cult figure among youths disillusioned with war and the technological age. His continuing popularity evidences his ability to evoke the oppressive realities of modern life while drawing audiences into a fantasy world. John Ronald Reuel was born on the third of January, 1892, at Bloemfontein, South Africa, where his father, Arthur, had taken a position with the Bank of Africa. In 1895 Tolkien’sRead MoreEssay on The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien530 Words   |  3 PagesThe Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien Dont judge a book by its cover. This famous phrase can very well be applied to the hobbit a small human like creature that goes along with 13 dwarves and a wizard. The wizard, Gandalf, has total faith in the little hobbit knowing full well that when the time comes he will serve the dwarves quite well. He does this with the help of a ring that makes him invisible. He saves the dwarves from evil spiders that wish to eat them. Uses it to help themRead MoreThe Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Rings. The Lord of the Rings written by J.R.R. Tolkien has been read and loved by many and will be enjoyed by many more in the years to come. Tolkien was an amazing linguist and author. He will be remembered for his great imagination and intriguing stories. His interest in language was the spark that led to the creation of The Lord of the Rings (Hodges 33-35). Tolkien led an interesting life that influenced his books greatly. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892, in South AfricaRead MoreEssay on Reader Response to The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien801 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I read a book the other day. It was a wonderful book called The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien. I really enjoyed it; it gives the background information on the creation of Middle Earth. In it, Tolkien tells us of Illà ºvatar, Eà ¤, the Valar and the birth of Elves, Dwarves and Men. But, you know, I don’t think it has anything at all to do with Elves, Dwarves, Men and some god named Illà ºvatar. I think Tolkien really wanted to write a Biblical allegory and a critique on ridiculous human nature reallyRead More J.R.R. Tolkien Biography Essay examples1521 Words   |  7 Pages J.R.R. Tolkien was born in South Africa, although he considered himself a British man throughout his adulthood. He experienced World War I firsthand in the trenches. He was a professor of Old English and other a rchaic languages and had a strong love for such languages. Tolkien also felt a strong tie for his homeland, England, and desired to create mythology for England. Tolkien was able to write the first modern fantasy novel through his life experiences and his love for archaic languages andRead MoreTreatment of Race in the Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien1151 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Hobbit, there are character groups that could be compared to specific groups within society. J.R.R Tolkien, the author of the novel, said (during an interview-type session) that the dwarves seemed similar to Jewish people. He may have thought/said this because of the dwarves’ greed for riches or because, throughout the book, the dwarves are disliked by many of the character groups. Tolkien also describes Goblins (or Orcs) as having wide mouths, sallow skin, flat noses, and slanted eyes. HeRead MoreQuenya: A Non-real Language Invented by J.R.R. Tolkien936 Words   |  4 Pagesmade by J.R.R Tolkien. He be gan devising the language around the year 1910 and changed around a lot of the structure until it reached the final stage. The vocabulary was mostly not changed that much but the name has been changed quite a bit of times before it was called Quenya. It was changed from Elfin to Qenya to it finally being called Quenya by J.R.R Tolkien. A lot of words in Quenya came from The Finnish language but also familiar with Latin, Greek and ancient Germanic languages. Tolkien madeRead MoreJ.R.R Tolkien Tolkien was born in South Africa and after both his parents died when Tolkien was at600 Words   |  3 Pages J.R.R Tolkien Tolkien was born in South Africa and after both his parents died when Tolkien was at a young age he moved in with relatives to England. This is where all his writing started. He went to college and studied Anglo Saxon and classic literature. He even enlisted in the army, which was very common for this time, and all this time at war he never stopped writing. He finally got released from the army because of an illness. All these events in his life have majorly influenced his writingRead MoreThe Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien589 Words   |  2 PagesPlot: The Hobbit is about a hobbit named Bilbo Baggins whos living in the Shire Hobbiton. A wizard named Gandalf shows up with 13 military dwarfs and asks Bilbo to help reclaim the dwarf’s treasure. On the way they thought run into issues and obstacles. Wondering through tunnels in the Misty Mountains after being left behind, Bilbo find a strange Golden ring that when worn turns you invisible and pockets it. After that he meets back up with Gandalf and the 13 dwarves only to later be abandoned

Tv Program Free Essays

Many people believe that TV programs are no value. Do you agree ? Since our parents’ generation, the argument of the value of TV programs was begin. People debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the TV programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Tv Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, same like most of the IT product, TV is become the integral part of a family. If say all the TV programs are no value to people, that means most of the human in the world are probably make the same mistake. Obviously, it is not true. TV programs bring a lot of benefits to people, first of all is spreading knowledge. Through different kind of documentaries, various of knowledge can be easily received by viewer with a more interesting way than the books. For example, the National Geography channel, Discovery channel and BBC Documentary Channel provide History, Geography, and the Humane Studies information in their programs. Those all channel attract a large number of audiences including adult, children and the aged to watch their program and gain the relevant knowledge. Today’s society is an extremely competitive society, people usually spend most of their time on works. The only one or two hours time that able to be relaxed by people is normally the night time. And the relaxed variety show naturally become the best choice to refresh themselves at that time. There is a habit around people after and before they stay in bed– watching news on television. And the fact is, this is the fastest and most effective way to get information. Everyday, the BBC News and Sky News provide the latest information to people through their beautiful and handsome newsreader. Those useful information from TV is helpful to people making the important decision. The last point in this article is the most important value of the TV programs– to connect every family member. No matter as a parent or child, there are too much reasons to let people bury themselves in works and no time to stay with their family. The television programs give them the chance to enjoy the family relationships together and make it closer. As a conclusion, TV programs are valuable and helpful to people. They not only bring knowledge and information to people, but also entertain them and facilitate the family relationships. But people should control the time that they watch the TV and choose the legitimate and useful programs so that they can enjoy the TV programs with happiness. How to cite Tv Program, Essay examples

Miles Davis All Blues free essay sample

Charlie Parker, eventually took Davis on as his sideman, mentoring him and introducing him to the other big Ames in Jazz music at the time. For a short time, Miles Davis attended the Jailbird School of Music in NY but he left to pursue his Jazz career. He played with many of the most famous Jazz musicians throughout his career, he put together the album Kind of Blue in New York. This album explores the concept of Modal Jazz and Davis felt that Jazz improvisations and solos were too dependent on changing complex chord sequences.Therefore, he took away this restrictive element by having the soloist improvise over modes or scales, without having to worry about the chords hanging underneath. This makes the song quite long, as the Improvisations went on for quite a while-This Is longer than most Jazz styles, including bebop and cool Jazz. It is also quite a bit more laid back and relaxed compared to other Jazz styles. We will write a custom essay sample on Miles Davis: All Blues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Musicians The frontline instrument the trumpet is played by Miles Davis. The frontline instrument alto sax is played by Julian Cannonball, also the other frontline instrument tenor sax is played by Dearly John Chlorate. The Plano Is played by Bill Evans and the double bass Is played by Paul Chambers. Also the drums are played by Jimmy cob. Melody The melody is played by the frontline instruments, and is mostly improvised. The main melody or head and the solos are all played over the 12-bar blues chord sequence based on the notes of a mode. The Improvisations are ornamented and combine riffs together.Structure All Blues uses a head arrangement, a structure often found in Jazz. A head arrangement is a chord progression which is memorized (in the head) by the players. The head arrangement in All Blues is the 12-bar chord progression. Jazz players refer to chord progressions as changes. Each repetition of the 12-bar progression Is known as a chorus. In All Blues each of the soloists Improvises In the choruses Like Each of the main sections is introduced by a 4-bar riff. A riff is a short repeated pattern. bar intro (rhythm section) 4-bar riff (saxes and rhythm section) Head 1 (a 12 bar head with muted trumpet playing melody) Riff and head repeated Four 12-bar choruses for trumpet Four choruses for alto sax Four choruses for tenor sax Two choruses for piano One chorus (all instruments with trumpet now muted) Head repeated Coda (solo muted trumpet) 2 bar blues In the key of G this would be Here is the chord pattern used in All Blues 67 (17) Get-no (17) E flat (flat VIA) F (flat W) 66 (16) All Blues is based around a repeated 12-bar blues chord sequence or th e changes with a four-bar linked riff between each section. The 12- bar blues chord sequences is based on the following chords where each box represents one bar. Adding extra notes to a chord (as in bars 9 and 10 above) is known as extending or alternating a chord a feature used a lot in Jazz. The structure of All Blues is based on the updated 12-bar blues chord sequence, which is repeated 19 times in total. Solos The main ideas for the solos are scale and arpeggio patterns. There are ornamented melodies and can be chromatic at times.Also the solos are modal and has very fast, difficult passages that are hard to play and also are syncopated. There are also links between each solo. The Piano combing loses its trill so that focus can be on Davis and the drum beat changes in preparation for the solos. The Saxes play in all the links but drops out at the end for all the solos. The link before Addresss solo, the saxes dont play and Davis drops out. The link before Chlorates solo, Dearly drops out but otherwise its the same as the previous link.Lastly the link before Evans solo, Chlorate drops out but otherwise is also the same as the two previous links. Accompaniment While the frontline instruments have the main melody, the rhythm instruments coma underneath. Combing is short for accompaniment and the instruments will play a backing for the soloists to improvise over. They improvise on the chords of the 2 bar blues structure. Tonality All Blues is an example of modal Jazz this means that rather than relying on complicated chord patterns the harmony focuses on a mode or scale and the improvised solos are freer.Tempo The time signature is 6/4 throughout, This means that there are 6 crotchets,l beat notes per bar. The piece is a Jazz Waltz at the start, this tells the performers that it should be played with emphasis on the first of each 3 beats 4,5,6). Ornamentation To add an ornament to a note is to decorate it. Different ornaments are used in this piece. Here are trills in the intro played by the piano and bass. There are also mordents, here they have written it out as they would be played, but are sometimes written as a gig-gag line over the note. There are also structurally which are short grace note before the note, it is easy to spot as it is a smaller note than normal and has a line through the tail. Instrumentation more effect. Also the trumpet uses a mute a Harmon mute with the stem taken out so it can build up to its solo. This piece, being in a Jazz style, uses Jazz harmony, this means there are plenty of TTS and TTS chords.

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Free Essays on Nash

My beginning as a legally recognized individual occurred on June 13, 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia, in the Bluefield Sanitarium, a hospital that no longer exists. Of course I can't consciously remember anything from the first two or three years of my life after birth. (And, also, one suspects, psychologically, that the earliest memories have become "memories of memories" and are comparable to traditional folk tales passed on by tellers and listeners from generation to generation.) But facts are available when direct memory fails for many circumstances. My father, for whom I was named, was an electrical engineer and had come to Bluefield to work for the electrical utility company there which was and is the Appalachian Electric Power Company. He was a veteran of WW1 and had served in France as a lieutenant in the supply services and consequently had not been in actual front lines combat in the war. He was originally from Texas and had obtained his B. S. degree in electrical engineering from Texas Agricultural and Mechanical (Texas A. and M.). My mother, originally Margaret Virginia Martin, but called Virginia, was herself also born in Bluefield. She had studied at West Virginia University and was a school teacher before her marriage, teaching English and sometimes Latin. But my mother's later life was considerably affected by a partial loss of hearing resulting from a scarlet fever infection that came at the time when she was a student at WVU. Her parents had come as a couple to Bluefield from their original homes in western North Carolina. Her father, Dr. James Everett Martin, had prepared as a physician at the University of Maryland in Baltimore and came to Bluefield, which was then expanding rapidly in population, to start up his practice. But in his later years Dr. Martin became more of a real estate investor and left actual medical practice. I never saw my grandfather because he had died before I was born but I have go... Free Essays on Nash Free Essays on Nash My beginning as a legally recognized individual occurred on June 13, 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia, in the Bluefield Sanitarium, a hospital that no longer exists. Of course I can't consciously remember anything from the first two or three years of my life after birth. (And, also, one suspects, psychologically, that the earliest memories have become "memories of memories" and are comparable to traditional folk tales passed on by tellers and listeners from generation to generation.) But facts are available when direct memory fails for many circumstances. My father, for whom I was named, was an electrical engineer and had come to Bluefield to work for the electrical utility company there which was and is the Appalachian Electric Power Company. He was a veteran of WW1 and had served in France as a lieutenant in the supply services and consequently had not been in actual front lines combat in the war. He was originally from Texas and had obtained his B. S. degree in electrical engineering from Texas Agricultural and Mechanical (Texas A. and M.). My mother, originally Margaret Virginia Martin, but called Virginia, was herself also born in Bluefield. She had studied at West Virginia University and was a school teacher before her marriage, teaching English and sometimes Latin. But my mother's later life was considerably affected by a partial loss of hearing resulting from a scarlet fever infection that came at the time when she was a student at WVU. Her parents had come as a couple to Bluefield from their original homes in western North Carolina. Her father, Dr. James Everett Martin, had prepared as a physician at the University of Maryland in Baltimore and came to Bluefield, which was then expanding rapidly in population, to start up his practice. But in his later years Dr. Martin became more of a real estate investor and left actual medical practice. I never saw my grandfather because he had died before I was born but I have go...

The Impact of Social Media on the Egyptian Revolution 2011 Dissertation

The Impact of Social Media on the Egyptian Revolution 2011 - Dissertation Example However, scholars and researchers differ on their opinion on the role of social media. Some have used terms such as Facebook revolution while others undermine the importance of social media platforms and tools. With the aim to evaluate the role of the social media during the Egyptian Revolution, three objectives were set in Chapter I. all the three objectives have been achieved. The social media plays a very active role in political movements as it provides people a platform to address their concerns, express their opinions, provides an avenue to extend and receive support. The government of any country usually controls and monitors the traditional media but when the same strategy is applied to the public sphere such as social networking sites and blogosphere, people resist and revolt to the extent it can be counter-productive for the governments. When the President in Egypt imposed web censorship people took to streets. Social media during the Egyptian revolution 2011, helped to ext end solidarity and confidence to the oppressed. Citizen journalists emerged registering their protest against the regime. The impact of social media was so intense during this revolution that the president had to finally resign in 18 days from the day the protest started. Social media enables activists and coordinators to start specific pages in the interest of the people. The use of social media in politics is still in the nascent stage but it is extensively being used by the citizens, professional journalists, by the politicians and by coordinators of protests and social movements. In fact, even the mainstream media has been using quotes from the social media in their articles. While the degree may not be very intense, at least it suggests the importance that the social media has been gaining. The study concludes that social media has played a very significant role in the Egyptian revolution 2011. It not only initiated the movement, it helped people at all stages, it helped in eff ective communication and collaboration, it enabled an international audience to receive information, and it also enabled protection to people in danger. As suggested by some authors, the role of social media in the Egyptian revolution is not hyped; it has been of tremendous value in shaping reforms. It is a valuable tool in developing anti-government protests and in designing collective action. It is a disruptive force that can drastically bring about change and reform. It can accelerate social and political movements far beyond what the traditional media can do. The study concluded by highlighting limitations and making recommendations for further research on the subject. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Social Media & Politics 1 1.3 Rationale for Research 3 1.4 Research Aims & Objectives 4 1.5 Scope of the Study 5 1.6 Structure of the Study 5 Chapter II Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2. Definition of Social Media 7 2.3 Social Networking Platfor ms 7 2.4 Benefits of Social Media 10 2.5 Social Media and Politics 11 2.6 Arab Countries & Egypt 12 2.7 Social Media in Egypt 12 2.8 Web Censorship in Arab countries 14 2.9 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter III Research Context 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Arab Spring 17 3.3 Egyptian Revolution 19 3.4 Summary 21 Chapter IV Research Methods 4.1 Introduction 23 4.2 Research Methodology 23 4.3 Choice of Method 23 4.4 Data Collection Methods 25 4.5 Secondary Research 26 4.6 Data Analysis 27 4.7 Summary

Non-Native English Speakers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Non-Native English Speakers - Essay Example People can still do much better or complement a lack of language mastery through other non-verbal means, and a world which has seen a large number of people move from one country to another through a process of immigration made language learning an essential ingredient for success to a lot of people. But this does not mean that those who cannot speak the language perfectly cannot get their message across, as other means are available in order to communicate. An example of this situation is when a person is learning how to speak and write English to be like a native speaker. The discovery of America triggered probably one of the largest waves of immigration in the history of people's movement. This period is called as the Age of Immigration, in which some 32 million people moved from Europe to America between the years 1820 to 1920 for a variety of reasons (Pakenham, 1998:64) and this trend of people moving out from their countries to another country even continues to this day. Among the reasons are to seek political asylum to avoid persecution and repression, pursue economic opportunities, as migrants seeking to improve their lives, for inter-racial marriages and as globalization in trade and commerce has increased, for investment and business opportunities as well. Modern forms of travel have greatly contributed to this massive movement of people, such as in the global tourism sector. Discussion This massive movement of people across different countries and varied cultures requires the use of a common language for them to communicate and understand each other. By virtue of being a world power, England earlier and then America later, English has become almost the accepted standard for global communications, called as the lingua franca (as it is the virtual universal language used to bridge two people speaking entirely different mother tongues). In this connection, English, as spoken between them, may not be as perfect as native speakers. Be that as it may, Engl ish between these two persons can still be understood even if it is quite awkward or rudimentary, as long as the message gets across and the intent is understood. The requirement that English should be perfect is not absolute for people to understand. Further, it takes some time for full assimilation, together with the concomitant language shift; it explains why many people of today speak only imperfect English (ibid. 99). However, such limitations do not preclude people from successfully interacting with each other. This is true in the international arena of globalization in business, finance, trade, and commerce. This increased mixing and intermingling of people of various cultures have led to the cultural diversity we see in many countries today. This multicultural environment has placed people in close proximity with people of other cultures and many languages, leading to multi-ethnic societies in which the citizens of a country has to deal with ethnic immigrants in their midst. In this context, it is vital that people should still be able to communicate and get along fairly well, even in elementary ways so that they could understand each other and hold the fabric of society together.  

Karl Marx's Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Karl Marx's Theory - Essay Example In this documentary Spurlock exposes the ugly truths of one of America's biggest fast food corporations and shows how it knowing endangers the lives of its customers in order to make a profit. Spurlock conducts an experiment, and plays the part, of what the corporation would consider to be its best customer. He allows the corporation's advertising and portion suggestions to make his decisions for him, and in doing so eats the fast food for every meal for thirty days. By the end of his experiment Spurlock finds that he has gained twenty five pounds and doctors warn him that his health is in ruin. The fast food corporation used in the experiment didn't purposely try and kill Spurlock, but it's advertising and unhealthy food was the direct cause in Spurlock's health deteriorating into a downward spiral. Marx says: "The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from the under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable." The grave diggers Marx refers to in terms of Spurlock's experiment would be the exact same things that made the fast food corporation such a success in the fir... Therefore the corporation is responsible for its own demise. The grounding force behind the corporation's success is money. Marx's General Formula for Capital exposes how greed and a demand for profit can eventually drive a corporation into the ground. Marx argues when a corporation becomes so successful that it begins to exchange money for money instead of money for commodities that it destroys itself. When a corporation begins to buy in order to sell, it takes its first step towards demise. This exchange of money for money is never ending because according to Marx they "have the same vocations, to approach, by quantitative increase, as near as possible to absolute in wealth". The end result is money which in turn is also the beginning. Marx believes that the possessor of this money becomes the capitalist. Since the fast food corporation in "Supersize Me" encourages poor nutrition for a profit, it in turn makes an increasingly bigger profit for increasingly lesser valuable foods. The documentary brought Marxist ideas into modern society by showing that contemporary capitalism is not simply that it gives consumers what they want, but that it makes them want what it has to give. By advertising and offering food at a cheap price the fast food corporation forced itself upon its customers, making them want their products. Spurlock sums up his thoughts saying, "The bottom line, they're a business, no matter what they say, healthy food is good for you, they make millions, and no company wants to stop doing that." At the end of the documentary Spurlock asks his audience a question: "Who do you want to see go first, you or them" This question sums up Marx's thoughts on capitalism perfectly, showing that either way the

Carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes Introduction Carbon nanotubes are the allotops of carbon , they have a cylindrical nano structure. Nano structure are construct with a length to diameter ratio of 28000000:1 , this is significantly larger than any other material. They have many novel properties and are many useful in nanotechnology , electronics , optics , material science and architectural field. They have great strength and unique electrical properties . However their useusge is limited in day to day life because of their toxicity . includes the spherical bucky ball (c60). It is often see that end of nanotube are hemispherical buckyball structure . It is qurt intresting to know that the radius of a nanoube is approximately 1/50000of the human hair. The nature of the bonding of a nanotube is described by appling orbital hybridation . They have sp2 bonds as graphite have . Most single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) have diameter close to 1nanometer, with a tube length is many millions of times longer. The structure of a SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder. The way the graphene sheet is wrapped is represented by a pair of indices (n,m) called the chiral vector. The integersnandmdenote thenumber of unitvectoralong two directions in the honeycomb crystal latticeof graphene. Ifm= 0, the nanotubes are called zigzag. Ifn=m, the nanotubes are called armchair. Otherwise, they are called chiral. ( The (n,m) nanotube naming scheme can be thought of as a vector (Ch) in an infinite graphene sheet that describes how to roll up the graphene sheet to make the nanotube.Tdenotes the tube axis, anda1anda2are the unit vectors of graphene in real space.) Single-walled nanotubes exhibit electric properties that are not shared by the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) . Single-walled nanotubes are the most likely candidate for miniaturizing electronics beyond the micro electromechanical scale currently used in electronics. The most basic building block of these systems is the electric wire, and SWNTs can be excellent conductors. Application of SWNTs are useful in the development of the first intramolecularfield effect transistor(FET). Production of the first intramolecularlogic gateusing SWNT FETs has recently become possible .To create a logic gate you must have both a p-FET and an n-FET. Because SWNTs are p-FETs when exposed to oxygen and n-FETs otherwise, it is possible to protect half of an SWNT from oxygen exposure, while exposing the other half to oxygen. This results in a single SWNT that acts as a NOT logic gate with both p and n-type FETs within the same molecule. Single-walled nanotubes are still very expensive to produce, around $1500 per gram as of 2000, and the development of more affordable synthesis techniques is vital to the future of carbon nanotechnology. If cheaper means of synthesis cannot be discovered, it would make it financially impossible to apply this technology to commercial-scale applications. Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) consist of multiple rolled layers (concentric tubes) of graphite. There are two models which can be used to describe the structures of multi-walled nanotubes. Russai doll model, sheets of graphite are arranged in concentric cylinders, e.g. a (0,8) single-walled nanotube (SWNT) within a larger (0,10) single-walled nanotube. In theParchamenmodel, a single sheet of graphite is rolled in around itself, resembling a scroll of parchment or a rolled newspaper. The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite, approximately 3.3 Ã…. The special place of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNT) must be emphasized here because their morphology and properties are similar to SWNT but their resistance to chemicals is significantly improved. This is especially important when functionalizationis required (this means grafting of chemical functions at the surface of the nanotubes) to add new properties to the CNT. In the case of SWNT, covalent functionalization will break some C=C, leaving holes in the structure on the nanotube and thus modifying both its mechanical and electrical properties. In the case of DWNT, only the outer wall is modified. DWNT synthesis on the gram-scale was first proposed in 2003by the CCVD technique, from the selective reduction of oxide solutions in methane and hydrogen. A nanotorus is theoretically described as carbon nanotube bent into atorus(doughnut shape). Nanotori are predicted to have many unique properties, such as magnetic moments 1000 times larger than previously expected for certain specific radii. Properties such as magnet moment, thermal stability etc. vary widely depending on radius of torus. Carbon nanobudare a newly created material combining two previously discovered allotropes of carbon: carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. In this new material fullerene-like buds are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. In particular, they have been found to be exceptionally good field emitters. In composite materials, the attached fullerene molecules may function as molecular anchors preventing slipping of the nanotubes, thus improving the composites mechanical properties. Strength Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms oftensil strenghtandelectic modulas respectively. This strength results from the covalent sp ² bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63gigapascal(GPa). (This, for illustration, translates into the ability to endure tension of 6300kg on a cable with cross-section of 1mm2.) Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4g ·cm−3,itsspecific strenghtof up to 48,000kN ·m ·kg−1is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steels 154kN ·m ·kg−1. Under excessive tensile strain, the tubes will undergoplastic deformation, which means the deformation is permanent. This deformation begins at strains of approximately 5% and can increase the maximum strain the tubes undergo before fracture by releasing strain energy. CNTs are not nearly as strong under compression. Because of their hollow structure and high aspect ratio, they tend to undergobuckingwhen placed under compressive, torsional or bending stress. Kinetic Multi-walled nanotubes, multiple concentric nanotubes precisely nested within one another, exhibit a striking telescoping property whereby an inner nanotube core may slide, almost without friction, within its outer nanotube shell thus creating an atomically perfect linear or rotational bearing. This is one of the first true examples ofmolecular nanotechnology, the precise positioning of atoms to create useful machines. Already this property has been utilized to create the worlds smallest rotationalmotor. Future applications such as a gigahertz mechanical oscillator are also envisaged. Because of the symmetry and unique electronic structure of graphene, the structure of a nanotube strongly affects its electrical properties. For a given (n,m) nanotube, ifn=m, the nanotube is metallic; ifn−mis a multiple of 3, then the nanotube is semiconducting with a very small band gap, otherwise the nanotube is a moderatesemiconductor. Thus all armchair (n=m) nanotubes are metallic, and nanotubes (5,0), (6,4), (9,1), etc. are semiconducting. In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electrical current density of 4 Ãâ€" 109A/cm2which is more than 1,000 times greater than metals such ascopper . All nanotubes are expected to be very goodthermal conductorsalong the tube, exhibiting a property known as ballistic conductor, but good insulators laterally to the tube axis. It is which transmits 385 W ·m−1 ·K−1. The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 °C invacuumand about 750 °C in air. Potential and current applications The joining of two carbon nanotubes with different electrical properties to form adiodehas been proposed The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests they will have an important role innanotechnologyengineering. The highest tensile strength an individual multi-walled carbon nanotube has been tested to be is 63GPa. In electrical circuits Carbon nanotubes have many properties—from their unique dimensions to an unusual currentconductonmechanism—that make them ideal components of electrical circuits. For example, they have shown to exhibit strong electron-phonon resonances, which indicate that under certain direct current (DC) bias and doping conditions their current and the average electron velocity, as well as the electron concentration on the tube oscillate at terahertz frequencies[. These resonances could potentially be used to make terahertz sources or sensors. Nanotube based tranistorhave been made that operate at room temperature and that are capable of digital switching using a single electron. One major obstacle to realization of nanotubes has been the lack of technology for mass production. However, in 2001 IBM researchers demonstrated how nanotube transistors can be grown in bulk, somewhat like silicon transistors. Their process is called constructive destruction which includes the automatic destruction of defective nanotubes on thewafer. The IBM process has been developed further and single-chip wafers with over ten billion correctly aligned nanotube junctions have been created. In addition it has been demonstrated that incorrectly aligned nanotubes can be removed automatically using standardphotolithoraphy equipment. The first nanotube integrated memory circuit was made in 2004. One of the main challenges has been regulating the conductivity of nanotubes. Depending on subtle surface features a nanotube may act as a plainconductoror as a semiconductor. A fully automated method has however been developed to remove non-semiconductor tubes. Most recently, collaborating American and Chinese researchers at Duke University and Peking University announced a new CVD recipe involving a combination of ethanol and methanol gases and quartz substrates resulting in horizontally aligned arrays of 95-98% semiconducting nanotubes. This is considered a large step towards the ultimate goal of producing perfectly aligned, 100% semiconducting carbon nanotubes for mass production of electronic devices. Another way to make carbon nanotube transistors has been to use random networks of them. By doing so one averages all of their electrical differences and one can produce devices in large scale at the wafer level.This approach was first patented by Nanomix Inc (date of original application June 2002). It was first published in the academic literature by theusa navel reacherch labority in 2003 through independent research work. This approach also enabled Nanomix to make the first transistor on a flexible and transparent substrate. Nanotubes are usually grown on nanoparticles of magnetic metal (Fe, Co), which facilitates production of electronic (spinotic) devices. In particular control of current through a field-effect transistor by magnetic field has been demonstrated in such a single-tube nanostructure. Large structures of carbon nanotubes can be used for thermal management of electronic circuits. An approximately 1mm-thick carbon nanotube layer was used as a special material to fabricate coolers, this materials has very low density, ~20 times lower weight than a similar copper structure, while the cooling properties are similar for the two materials. As paper batteries Apaper battery is abatteryengineered to use a paper-thin sheet ofcellulose (which is the major constituent of regular paper, among other things) infused with alignedcarbon nanotubes .The nanotubes act aselectrods; allowing the storage devices to conduct electricity. The battery, which functions as both a lithium-ion battery and asupercapacitor can provide a long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitors quick burst of high energy—and while a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient. Solar cells Solar cells developed at the new jerrsyinstitute of technology use a carbon nanotube complex, formed by a mixture of carbon nanotubes and carbonbulkyball to form snake-like structures. Buckyballs trap electrons, although they cant make electrons flow. Add sunlight to excite thepolymer, and the buckyballs will grab the electrons. Nanotubes, behaving like copper wires, will then be able to make the electrons or current flow. Ultracapacitors Mit uses nanotubes to improveultracapicator. The activated charcoal used in conventional ultracapacitors has many small hollow spaces of various size, which create together a large surface to store electric charge. But as charge is quantized into elementary charges, i.e. electrons, and each such elementary charge needs a minimum space, a significant fraction of the electrode surface is not available for storage because the hollow spaces are not compatible with the charges requirements. With a nanotube electrode the spaces may be tailored to size—few too large or too small—and consequently the capacity should be increased considerably Optical properties of carbon nanotubes Withinmaterial science, theoptical properties of carbon nanotubesrefer specifically to theabosorbtion,photoluminesence, andRaman spectroscopyofcarbon nanotubes. Spectroscopic methods offer the possibility of quick and non-destructive characterization of relatively large amounts ofcarbon nanotubes. There is a strong demand for such characterization from the industrial point of view: numerous parameters of thenanotube synthesiscan be changed, intentionally or unintentionally, to alter the nanotube quality. As shown below, optical absorption, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopies allow quick and reliable characterization of this nanotube quality in terms of non-tubular carbon content, structure (chirality) of the produced nanotubes, and structural defects. Those features determine nearly any other properties such as optical, mechanical, and electrical properties. carbonnanotubesare unique one dimensional systems which can be envisioned as rolled single sheets ofgraphite(or more preciselygraphene). This rolling can be done at different angles and curvatures resulting in different nanotube properties. The diameter typically varies in the range 0.4-40nm (i.e. only ~100 times), but the length can vary ~10,000 times reaching 4cm. Thus the nanotubeaspect ratio, or the length-to-diameter ratio, can be as high as 28,000,000:1,which is unequalled by any other material. Consequently, all the properties of the carbon nanotubes relative to those of typical semiconductors are extremelyanisotropic(directionally dependent) and tunable. Whereas mechanical, electrical and electrochemical (superconductor) properties of the carbon nanotubes are well established and have immediateappplications, the practical use of optical properties is yet unclear. The aforementioned tunability of properties is potentially useful in opticsandphotonics. In particular, light-emitting diodes (LEDs)photo-dectors ased on a single nanotube have been produced in the lab. Their unique feature is not the efficiency, which is yet relatively low, but the narrow selectivity in the wavelenghtof emission and detection of light and the possibility of its fine tuning through the nanotube structure. In addition,bolometerand optoelectronic memorydevices have been realised on ensembles of single-walled carbon nanotubes.[2] Carbon nanotubes as a black body An idealblack bodyshould haveemissivityorabsorbanceof 1.0, which is difficult to attain in practice, especially in a wide spectra range. Vertically aligned forests of single-wall carbon nanotubes can have absorbances of 0.98-0.99 from thefar-ultraviolet(200nm) tofar-infrared(200ÃŽ ¼m) frequencies.Super black, a coating based on chemically etched nicle-phopsphoras alloy, is another material approaching the absorption of 1.0. These SWNT forests (buckypaper) were grown by the super-growth CVD method to about 10 ÃŽ ¼m height. Two factors could contribute to strong light absorption by these structures: (i) a distribution of CNT chiralities resulted in various bandgaps for individual CNTs. Thus a compound material was formed with broadband absorption. (ii) Light might be trapped in those forests due to multiple reflections Nanotubes As Space Elevators A space elevator would extend 22,000 miles above the Earth to a station, and then another 40,000 miles to a weighted structure for stability Scientists from Cambridge University have developed a light, flexible, and strong type of carbon nanotube material that may bring space elevators closer to reality. Motivated by a $4 million prize from NASA, the scientists found a way to combine multiple separate nanotubes together to form long strands. Until now, carbon nanotubes have been too brittle to be formed into such long pieces.[3] Conclusion Carbon nano tubes are very important material and are precious in day to day life , space research, nanotechnology , telecommunication , optics etc. However they are still not been used in their full extent because they are very expensive and are toxic in nature. We have to somehow find a cheap source of carbon nanotubes in the future.

Eulogy :: essays research papers

Living Eulogy Outline Topic: The life of Issac Harman V. Purpose: To give background information and specifics of his life. Introduction: On Oct. 12 1983 in Sinai hospital, a young man by the name of Issac Harman V was born. Since that day Issac has lived in Baltimore, Maryland all his life. He was raised by his mother and grandmother mostly his grandmother. From a quick meeting with him you most commonly observe that he is a very quiet person who seems no to have much to say. Even so if you know him you learn Issac is a person who likes to have fun, likes to play sports, hang out with friends, just â€Å"chill†, and is a very family oriented person. He also want to be known as a â€Å"cool† and relaxed person. Also as a someone who cares for the ones he loves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Body I. Past A. Raised by his grandmother and mother (mostly grandmother)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Has a brother and sister which are younger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Very stable and secure environment growing up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Grandmother was protective; just wanted what was best for him B. Uncle Boobie- favorite uncle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Showed him a lot about life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Come form nothing now has 5 cars and a big house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Like a role model, showed if you believe you can achieve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Father showed broke down life, school, and girls to him. Basically taught him how to be a man. C. Culture/ Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Important being black have to go through many trials and it is hard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Things you learn are different from other races   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Cultural background not that important it helped him to learn and understand. II. Present. A. Presently attends DSU   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Major is Mass Communications   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. School is Frustrating to him B. Excited and anxiously awaiting the arrival of his daughter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Saving money   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Works hard at Sears to get money

Investigation to Find the Water Potential of Potato and Carrot Tubers

An investigation to find the water potential of potato and carrot tubers in a sucrose solution, of concentration 0. 00 – 0. 50Mol, over a 24 hour period Interpretation Written Communication C1 From our graph it can be seen that the concentration of sucrose solution is 0. 18 M at 0% change in mass for the potato and 0. 355 M at 0% change in mass for the carrot. I will use these values to find the solute potential by using the calibration graph. I will work out the water potential by using the equation, ? =? s +? p (Water Potential = Solute Potential + Pressure Potential). The ? s of the potato at 0% change in mass is -500 kPa and the ? of the carrot at 0% change in mass is -1000 kPa. Through the use of our equation, the water potential of the potato and carrot are -500 kPa and -1000 kPa (respectfully) as in this case the solute potential equals the water potential as there is no pressure potential as the solution is open and it isn’t under a membrane so it is not under p ressure. The Water Potential (? ) of the solution is equal to the ? of the tuber as there is no pressure potential. C2 and C3 As the concentration of the sucrose solution increases, the average percentage change in mass decreases in the potato tubers and this is the same as in the carrot tubers.At low concentrations of sucrose solutions (0. 1 M) the mass of the carrot and potato tubers increases due to water moving into the protoplast of the cell from the sucrose solution by osmosis and at high concentrations of sucrose solutions (0. 5 M) the mass of the carrot and potato tubers decreases due to water moving out of the protoplast of the cell to the sucrose solution by osmosis. At certain concentrations (0. 18 M of the potato and 0. 355 M for the carrot) the potato and carrot tubers don’t change in mass due to the water potential inside the cells equalling the water potential of the sucrose solution.My graph displays a distinct negative correlation; the higher the concentratio n of sucrose solution, the larger the difference between the mass over the 24 hour period becomes, and the smaller the mass gets. Osmosis is the movement of water from a high water potential to a low water potential across a semi-permeable membrane. C4 and C5 Osmosis is the net movement of water particles from areas of high water potential to areas of lower water potential across a semi-permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane.This can also be described as moving down a concentration gradient. The water potential of a substance measures the amount of free energy that is available in an aqueous solution to cause the migration of water molecules during osmosis. The symbol for water potential is ? and is measured in kPa (kilo-pascals). The water potential of pure water is zero, as all the particles are free; this means that all particles contain kinetic energy and are under attractive forces, so they in constant random movement. In relation to my results, at concentration 0. 8M fo r the potato and 0. 355M for the carrot, there is an osmotic balance between the potato and carrot cells and sucrose solution – the water potentials are equal. This is also known as an isotonic solution – where equilibrium is reached between the rates of osmosis in and out of a solution. Above this value, the solution becomes hypertonic (having a higher solute concentration than the potato and carrot), while below this value, the sucrose solution becomes hypotonic (having a lower solute concentration than the potato and carrot).A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, while a hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution. An isotonic solution has an identical concentration of solutes as another solution. These can also be described as having a lower, identical, and higher osmotic pressure, respectfully, than another solution. I noticed that the hypertonic potato and carrot had becom e soft and lost all of its structural integrity, and was generally flaccid.This became more noticeable as the concentration of the sucrose solution increased and the percentage change in mass gets more negative. Evaluation D1 I consider my results to be appropriate in meeting the aims of this investigation as we measured the change in mass of the potato as opposed to measuring the change in length as it will give an indication of the amount of water entering the potato and carrot due to osmosis. All measurements were made to two decimal places meaning the level of accuracy is very high and that the scales used could detect even the slightest changes in mass. D2In order to try to obtain accurate results a number of procedures had to be carried out; †¢ Firstly, we covered the top of each test tube with cling film to reduce the amount of water evaporating from the sucrose solution. If water were to evaporate from the solution, it would mean that the solution would become more conc entrated and this seriously affect the amount of water entering the potato and carrot as the water potential in the external solution would be drastically lower than that of the potato and carrot cells. †¢ Secondly, we used the same volume of sucrose solution in each test tube.If the quantities of each solution were not equal, instead of getting the desired concentration of sucrose solution, a slightly different concentrated solution would be produced. This will affect the potato and carrot by exposing it to a different concentration of sucrose solution, therefore giving us a different result to the one expected. This happens as osmosis occurs because of the kinetic energy found in the water molecules. The kinetic energy causes the particles to vibrate and move randomly – moving around the area in which they are held. The random movement causes the particles to distribute randomly around the area.The higher concentrated solution has more particles that can move across th e membrane compared to the lower, producing a net movement down the concentration gradient. †¢ Thirdly, we tried to maintain the temperature by keeping the test tubes in a regulated room. If the temperature were to increase it would cause the kinetic energy of the sucrose solution increase and if the temperature were to decrease it would cause the kinetic energy of the sucrose solution to decrease. †¢ I also tried to ensure that each tuber was dried in the same way, but this proved to be very difficult.It was important to only remove the solution from the surface because we did not want to remove any water from the cells which would affect the mass of the tubers. †¢ Lastly, each tuber was sourced from the same potato or carrot as every potato and carrot have a different composition of starch and sucrose which would alter the solute potential of the potato and carrot and this has an effect on the amount of water that enters or leaves the tubers by osmosis. D3 Although the experiment was as fair as it could have been, there were some factors that were beyond our control.Firstly, the tubers that we used may not have been from the same specimen, although the specimen may have been from the same bag they could be biologically different. Secondly, there could have been some skin left on the tubers which could have affected the rate at which the water entered the tubers due to osmosis. Thirdly, when we were weighing the tubers we had to handle them which could have extracted some water from the tubers, this would alter the true weight of the tubers after 24 hours and therefore alter the results of the experiment.D4 and D5 My experiment is reliable as it was repeated six times in the form of the pooled class result. However, there were a few anomalies among the group results e. g. some groups have higher or lower results than the others; this would cause the average class result to be lower or higher depending on the value of the anomaly. This could be as simple as the use of different potatoes and carrots being used for each group or any of the reasons mentioned in D3.

History of Television Essay Example

History of Television Essay Example History of Television Essay History of Television Essay The beginnings of mechanical television can be traced back to the discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith in 1873, the invention of a scanning disk by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1884 and John Logie Bairds demonstration of televised moving images in 1926. As 23-year-old German university student, Paul Nipkow proposed and patented the first electromechanical television system in 1884. 1] Although he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkows spinning-disk image rasterizer for television became exceedingly common, and remained in use until 1939. [2] Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25, 1900. Perskyis paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. 3] The photoconductivity of selenium and Nipkows scanning disk were first joined for practical use in the electronic transmission of still pictures and photographs, and by the first decade of the 20th century halftone photographs, composed of equally spaced dots of varying size, were being transmitted by facsimile over telegraph and telephone lines as a newspaper service. [4] However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by Lee DeForest and Arthur Korn among others, made the design practical. 4] The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of still silhouette images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909, using a rotating mirror-drum as the scanner and a matrix of 64 selenium cells as the receiver. [5] In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a television system that used a mechanical m irror-drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykins words, very crude images over wires to the Braun tube (cathode ray tube or CRT) in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy. 6] On March 25, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridges Department Store in London. [7] ATTs Bell Telephone Laboratories transmitted halftone still images of transparencies in May 1925. On June 13 of that year, Charles Francis Jenkins transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution. 8][9] However, if television is defined as the live transmission of moving images with continuous tonal variation, Baird first achieved this privately on October 2, 1925. But strictly speaking, Baird had not yet achieved moving images on October 2. His scanner worked at only five images per second, below the threshold required to give the illusion of motion, usually defined as at least 12 images per second. By January, he had improved the scan rat e to 12. 5 images per second. Then he gave the worlds first demonstration of a working television system to members of the Royal Institution and a newspaper reporter on January 26, 1926 at his laboratory in London. Unlike later electronic systems with several hundred lines of resolution, Bairds vertically scanned image, using a scanning disk embedded with a double spiral of lenses, had only 30 lines, just enough to reproduce a recognizable human face. [citation needed] In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles (705 km) of telephone line between London and Glasgow. In 1928, Bairds company (Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal, between London and New York, and the first shore-to-ship transmission. He also demonstrated an electromechanical color, infrared (dubbed Noctovision), and stereoscopic television, using additional lenses, disks and filters. In parallel, Baird developed a video disk recording system dubbed Phonovision; a number of the Phonovision recordings, dating back to 1927, still exist. 10] In 1929, he became involved in the first experimental electromechanical television service in Germany. In November of the same year, Baird and Bernard Natan of Pathe established Frances first television company, Television-Baird-Natan. In 1931, he made the first outdoor remote broadcast, of the Epsom Derby. [11] In 1932, he demonstrated ultra-short wave television. Bairds electromechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936 thou gh the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead a 35 mm film was shot, rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet. This intermediate film system was discontinued within three months in favor of a 405-line all-electronic system developed by Marconi-EMI. [12] Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7, 1927. The reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a two-inch-wide by 2. 5-inch-high screen. The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high. Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate, monochromatic moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets also received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a wire link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from Whippany, New Jersey. Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. A flying-spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds. (Todays systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33. 3 or 16. 7 milliseconds respectively. ) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration: It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality. [13] Meanwhile in the Soviet Union, Leon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum-based television, starting with 16 lines resolution in 1925, then 32 lines and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926, and as part of his thesis on May 7, 1926 he electrically transmitted and then projected near-simultaneous moving images on a five foot square screen. 9] By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines, a resolution that was not surpassed until 1931 by RCA, with 120 lines. [citation needed] On December 25, 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This protype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum in Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu Campus. His research in creating a production model were halted by the US after Japan lost World War II. [14] Mechanical scanning systems, though obsolete for the more familiar television systems, nevertheless survive in long wave infra red cameras because there is no suitable all-electronic pickup device. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_television

Civil War in United States

Civil War in United States Although the debate regarding the cause of American civil war in the19th century is still ragging, many people still believe that slavery is the major cause of the civil war, which occurred between 1861 and 1865. In the early 19th century, the main issue that threatened the unity of the North and the South was slavery. While the North prohibited slavery, the South permitted it, thus perpetuating slavery of African Americans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Civil War in United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this view, the North and the South gradually differed on the issue of slavery, which culminated to the civil war between the two divides, which broke out in 1861. In 1861, the vice president of the South Alexander Stephens in his speech stated that, â€Å"our foundation are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the Negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition† (Berkin, Carol, Miller, Cherny, Gormly, Egerton, and Woestman 317). From his speech, it is evident that slavery was a great issue that caused the civil war between the North and the South. Therefore, this essay argues if it was not for the civil war, the United States would have become half-slave and half-free. What differentiated the North from the South is the institution of slavery. Since the early 19th century, while the Northern states continued to eradicate slavery, the Southern states continued to institutionalize it. Thus, when the Southern states saw that the Northern states do not support slavery, they started agitating for secession. According to Berlin, Carol, Miller, Cherny, Gormly, Egerton, and Woestman, a number of delegates met in South Carolina in 1860 and â€Å"voted unanimously to dissolve their ties with the United States† to protect abolition of slavery in their jurisdiction (315). The secession ma rked the institutionalization of slavery in the South. With institutionalized slavery, the Southern states did not allow African Americans to serve in the Confederate army because they had feared that they might utilize firearms to gain power over the whites they were slaves. Given that African Americans outnumbered the whites in Southern states, there was a possibility of them using their firearms against their masters. Hence, secession coupled with slavery did set the stage for the civil war. Institutionalized slavery in the Southern states became the source of conflict between the Northern states and Southern states. The South continued to expand its territory by recruiting other states to join it with the view of overpowering the North.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since the North felt threatened by the South, it started recruiting African Americans into its army so tha t it can fight and overpower the increasing power of the Southern states in expanding its territories. During slavery, the Northern states provided a haven for the African Americans, hence, great number of slaves from the Southern states sought refuge in the Northern states where they gained freedom and fight back. Taking advantage of the large number of slaves who sought refuge, the Northern states recruited them in the Union army and used them in fighting during the civil war. In 1862, Abraham Lincoln passed legislation that allowed the African Americans to participate in the Union army, thus enhancing the power of the North over the South (Nolen 118). Therefore, the increase in the number of African Americans who sought refuge in Northern states and their recruitment in the Union army did pave the way for fall of slavery and integration of the North and the South as the United States of America, which provides freedom to everybody. Hence, without the civil war, the South would no t have agreed to grant freedom and equal rights to African Americans by abolishing slavery. References Berkin, Carol, Christopher Miller, Robert Cherny, James Gormly, Douglas Egerton, and Kelly Woestman. Making America: A History of the United States. New York: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Nolen, Claude. African American Southerners in Slavery, Civil War, and Reconstruction.  New York: McFarland, 2005. Print.

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING - Essay Example For the purpose of understanding the importance of marginal costing system in the firm, let us start with the very fundamentals of marginal costing. Marginal costing is the system of ascertaining the marginal cost and its use for decision making. Marginal cost is the extra cost incurred for producing an additional output. The extra cost incurred usually is the one which is likely to change in direct proportion to the change in output. Such costs are known as variable cost and hence the costing system is also called variable costing system. The basic idea behind marginal costing system is that all variable costs are deducted from the sales to find out the contribution ( from which fixed expenses is later deducted to ascertain the profit) on the plea that fixed cost remains constant irrespective of the volume of output or sales. There are many applications of marginal costing in manufacturing concern. One of such applications is the decision with regard to the make or buy decision. In the make or buy decision, the management accountant undertakes a cost benefit analysis. Such a decision making requires the firm to know through marginal costing what contributes to fixed costs will result from a make decision. The points to be taken care of at the time of make or buy decision are: When the capacity is available it cannot be utilized for manufacture of other products, then the purchase cost is compared with the marginal cost or total cost is compared with the purchase cost plus fixed cost of manufacture to take the decision to make or buy. When the capacity is available and it can be utilized for manufacture of other products, the purchase price is compared with the marginal cost of the product and plus opportunity cost, i.e., the loss of contribution of other product replace When there is no additional capacity available and it is proposed to acquire additional facilities for

Business management - Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business management - Starbucks - Essay Example Information obtained from http://investor.starbucks.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=99518&p=irol-irhome, also posits to the effect that â€Å"Starbucks purchases and roasts high-quality whole bean coffees and sells them, along with fresh, rich-brewed coffees, Italian-style espresso beverages, cold blended beverages, a variety of complementary food items, a selection of premium teas, and beverage-related accessories and equipment, primarily through company-operated retail stores.† The company also sells coffee products and tea through other channels like licensed retail stores. According to information obtained from its official website, Starbucks was established in 1985 and its operations are mainly guided by its mission statement: â€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit—one person, one cup, and one neighbourhood at a time.† The company also strives to be the world’s leader in production of fine coffee. Its success as the world leader in the coffee industry can be attributed to the differentiation strategy it uses. This report will specifically focus on the United States Segment where the company has its own stores as well as licensed stores. Starbucks is very popular in the US and of notable concern is the fact that its operations are also shaped by trade practices as well as regulations such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).The economic forces in the US also shape the operations of the company. However, the US operating segment contributed 69% of total net revenues for the fiscal year 2011. 1.1 Task A: ANALYSIS OF STARBUCKS’ EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT This section of the report critically analyses Starbucks’ external environment. PESTEL analysis will be used to analyse the macro environment while Porter’s five forces model will be used to analyse the micro environment. This part of the paper will also identify the opportunities and threats that exist in the external market. 1.2 PESTEL Analysis There are vario us external factors that shape the operations of Starbucks and PESTEL is an acronym for political, economic, social, technological, environmental as well as legal factors impacting on the operations of the organisation and this too is going to be used to carry out the external environmental analysis. The table in index 1 shows the external factors that impact on the operations of the above mentioned company. Starbucks FY11 Annual Report (2011) shows that the company managed to raise the highest amount of revenue of $11, 7 billion from its operations. This is the highest amount of revenue to be generated by the company after the global economic recession that was witnessed in the US around 2007-2009. The success of the company can be attributed to the external factors that are obtaining in the environment where the company operates. As shown in appendix 1, political stability in the US plays a pivotal role in the success of the

Personal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personal - Essay Example Each of the section also contains background information of each type of services offered by the bank. The financial banks offer several services for the customers and each of them has different importance for different types of customers. The introduction of technology and the fast growth of internet usage have allowed the financial companies to add more value to the customers without much effort. The beginning of internet banking has made it easier for the customers to conduct their banking activities at ease and at their convenience. Although the mode of banking has evolvedbut the overall concept of individual activities are still the same. This paper is focused on the services offered by HSBC bank in their website. It will cover three basic services in details, which are Banking, Borrowing and Investing. The Qatar branch of HSBC will also be covered in this paper. Savings Bank Account:The banking segment of HSBC offers two types of services, savings account and current account. An individual can choose anyone or both types of account depending on his requirements. The savings account allows an individual to accumulate funds and gain interest on it. It helps the individual to save money for future use. Current Bank Account: The current bank account is particularly for business purposes and offers services, which are exclusive to financial activities of a business. It allows the customers to deal with liquid funds, such as deposit funds, withdraw funds, write check, etc. Moreover, the customers can make unlimited transactions in a day (Money, 2015). HSBC Qatar offers three different types of accounts based on the requirement of the customers. They are Basic Current Account, Advanced Current Account and Premier Current Account. Money Transfer: The money transfer facility of HSBC Qatar allows the customer to transfer funds to different accounts. The customers can transfer money to pay bills, send money to

Gods Existence and Aquinas Objection Essay Example for Free

Gods Existence and Aquinas Objection Essay I was in the debate team in high school. And there were times that our team would take the against side of the statement. In his famous work Prologion, written in 1077-1078, Anselm presents the idea the God exists because God is the greatest thing of all, that the idea of thinking of God exists prove its existence. Hundred of years later, Thomas Aquinas brings up the account that addresses Anselms idea in objection 2 of Question II, First Article of Summa Theologica. Aquinas objects Anselms argument later in his work by attacking the idea that God is something that can be thought greater. To understand Anselms argument for Gods existence, one must first understand the principles that forms the argument. The first principle is the claim that â€Å"nothing greater can be thought. † There is too types of existing, existing in understanding (existing0) and existing in reality (existing1). Then, we try to think of something is existing1. Anselm let â€Å"something† be â€Å"something than which nothing greater can be thought (NGT),† or in another word â€Å"a being than which nothing greater can be conceived† according to the Proslogion. The very first act of thinking that something is existing1 serves as the basis of it existing0. Because in the process of trying to think of something greater, we already establish its existence0. For example, there is a flower A, existing1. This flower A is the most beautiful flower, that this flower is a NGT. In order to prove this flower is NGT, one has to think of all the flower he has seen, flower B, C, or D. In the process of searching through ones mind trying to think of a flower that is more beautiful than flower A, flower A already exists in ones mind, which is existing0. To open his argument, Anselm then said an example of NGT is God. The second principle is the principle of â€Å"thinking of non-existing objects (Principle E). † Anselm uses the example of a painter conceiving the drawing he will paint, then executing his plan in mind to make the painting exists in reality. To breakdown his argument, lets begin with something that exists0. Because one has the ability to imagine that something exists0, one can also imagine that the same thing exists1. This priniciple is the most uncontroversial because it is just a matter of imagination. The fact that one has imagination allows him to imagine whatever he wants. For example, one imagines he won the lottery and has a million dollars. It is safe to say that one can proceed to think of that million dollars is existing1, regardless of if the million dollars truly exists1. Applying Principle E back to the argument of NGT, if one can imagine NGT in existence0, one can also go ahead and imagine NGT existing1. The third principle is â€Å"thinking something greater than something (Principle G). This principle compares the greatness of existing0 and existing1. Anselm proposes that â€Å"greatness† has two faces: qualitatively and existentially. To further support his argument, Anselm implies that greatness qualitatively means everything positive, such as, more beautiful, more knowledgeable, more influential, etc. Base on this assumption, Anselm argues that, â€Å"Suppose it exists in the understanding alone: then it can be conceived to exist in reality; which is greater. † To apply this principle in daily life, one can relate to a million dollars example above. One can imagine having a million dollars in his mind, but that million dollars doesnt exist1. In another case, one owns a millions dollars, which means that million dollars exists1. The rhetorical question here will be, which case is more appealing to you, which scenario is â€Å"greater? † Back to Anselms claim, the â€Å"it† in his argument is, of course, NGT, which is God. That God exists1 is better than God only exists0 but not exists1. The next principle returns to the basic meaning of NGT. Principle N presents the idea â€Å"if something can be thought to be greater than x, then x is not an NGT. † Assume something is an NGT, nothing greater can be thought. If there is another thing that is greater then it. This â€Å"something† is no longer an NGT. This principle is pretty self-explanatory. To put it in everyday examples, imagine the beautiful flower A is the most beautiful flower in the whole wide world. However, one found another flower more beautiful than A. Now A is no longer an NGT, regardless in existence0 or existence1. Now substitute God in for NGT in the equation. Because Anselm already claimed that God is an NGT, if one can think of something greater than God, God is no longer an NGT. According to the Proslogion, â€Å"God cannot be conceived not to exist. God is that, than which nothing greater can be conceived. That which can be conceived not to exist is not God. † The upcoming principles idea bases that of principle E. Principle T simply proposes the idea that â€Å"an NGT can be thought. † Because one has the ability to think of an object either exists0, exists1, or even both, one can also think of NGT existing0, existing1, or both. The idea that one can think of something is very broad and universal, that â€Å"something† can simply be anything. The final piece of Anselms argument is Principle M. This principle presents the very vague idea that â€Å"if something must be thought as existing1, then it exists1. † If one must think of a flower exists1, then that flower does exist1. Now that all principles Anselm needed to support his argument that God exists are gathered, he begins his argument with a â€Å"fool (thinker)† that â€Å"understands [God] is in his understanding; although he does not understand it to exist. † To fully understand this argument, one has to accept Anselms assumption that God, indeed, is an NGT. The argument that the thinker has the ability to think of NGT existing1 is based on Principle E that if one can think of an object then he can think of it existing1. The idea of thinking NGT exists1 is â€Å"greater† than the idea of thinking NGT exists0 but doesnt exist1 (Principle G); therefore, one can think of something greater than the NGT that exists0 but not in reality. However, this violates the basic meaning of an NGT (Principle N), nothing greater can be thought. So the idea that one can think of something greater than the NGT that exists0 but not in reality is contradictory to the fundamental element of an NGT. Which comes to the agreement that if one think of an NGT it is to be existing1. The conclusion implies the principle that one can thought of NGT exists1 (Principle T). Also, one can and must only think of an NGT exists1. This lead to the final conclusion. If one has no choice but think of something exists1, that something must be existing1 (Principle M). Therefore, an NGT, God, exists. Aquinas gives an condensed version account of Anselms argument in Summa Theologica. In objection 2 of question II, â€Å"Whether the existence of God is self-evident? †, Aquinas addresses the idea much abruptly. He first implies that Anselms idea of God is an NGT is equivalent to saying â€Å"things are said to be self-evident which are known as soon as the terms are known,† that the significant of the word â€Å"God† is nothing better can be conceived. He follows the account by stating that the word â€Å"God† â€Å"exists actually and mentally is greater than that which exists only mentally. † Therefore, if the word â€Å"God† is understood mentally it has to be understood to exist actually. Both Anselms argument of Aquinass account of it come to the same conclusion that God exists, that the thought of it existing lead to its real existence. Aquinas objects Anselms idea by stating that not everyone understands the word â€Å"God† will agree that it is an NGT. He follows his objection by stating: Yet, granted that everyone understands that by this name God is signified something than which nothing greater can be thought, nevertheless, it does not therefore follow that he understands that what the name signifies exists actually, but only that it exists mentally. Aquinass main objection is that the idea of NGT can be interpreted that it can only exists mentally. However, for Anselms argument to work, one has to understand that God can exists in reality; therefore, Aquinas further objects Anselms claim by stating those â€Å"who hold God does not exist† will not admit the fact that God is an NGT and it exists in reality. In Anselms defense, he based all his argument on the fact that God is â€Å"a being than which nothing greater can be conceived. † As a true believer of God, Anselm would have simply oppose those who does not believe in God has not fully understand the meaning of â€Å"God†; therefore, they fail to grasp the idea God exists in reality. If one understands God, he will be able to think of Gods existence in mind then agree to think of it in reality. After reading excerpts both from the Proslogion and the Summa Theologica, I am more inclined to support Aquinass claim. Although I do not think Aquinas has successfully destroyed Anselms argument, I think there are more weak links in Anselms argument than that of Aquinass. The most apparent loopholes are Principle M and Principle G. First, Principle M states that if one has to think of something as existing1, then that something has to exists1. However, Anselm neglects the fact that what one believes exists1 does not has to be true. For example, children were told to believe Santa Claus exists in reality and many of them do believe that idea. The contradiction being what those children â€Å"can and must† think exists1, Santa Claus, does not exists1. Second, the positivity of â€Å"greatness† implied in Principle G is too vague. The concept of greatness of reality is â€Å"better† than that of in mind can be subjective. Just because one person thinks the existence in reality is greater than existence in mind does not equal others perception of greatness. With doubts in Principle M and Principle G, I think Aquinas has a stronger position compare to Anselm does.

Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of Cutaneous Vasculitis

Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of Cutaneous Vasculitis Article Type: Original Title: Clinico-histopathological Spectrum of Cutaneous Vasculitis: A Retrospective Study of 62 cases Running Title: A Clinico-pathological study of Cutaneous vasculitis Authors: Nadia Shirazi*, Rashmi Jindal^, Neha Tyagi*, Samarjit Roy^, Meena Harsh,* Sohaib AhmadÇ‚ Affiliation: Department of *Pathology, ^Dermatology and Ç‚Internal Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences. SRH University. Jolly Grant. Dehradun. Uttarakhand. India Corresponding Author: Dr. Nadia Shirazi ABSTRACT Context: Cutaneous Vasculitis is the inflammation of vessel walls which leads to hemorrhagic or ischemic events. The histopathological classification of cutaneous vasculitis depends on the vessel size and the dominant immune cell mediating the inflammation. Object: We studied the etiological factors and clinico-pathological spectrum of patients with cutaneous vasculitis at a tertiary referral centre of north India. Design: Skin biopsies of all patients with clinically suspected cutaneous vasculitis presenting over 5 years , between 2009-2014 were reviewed. Cutaneous vasculitis was classified on the basis of etiology (primary or secondary), on the basis of size of vessel wall as well as on the dominant inflammatory cell infiltrating the vessels. Results: Over 5 years, 62 / 103 patients evaluated for vasculitic syndromes had histologically proven vasculitis. Clinically, vasculitis was primary (77.4%) or secondary (22.5%) to drugs, infections, underlying connective tissue diseases and malignancy. Neutrophilic (n=30), lymphocytic (n=18), eosinophilic (n=10), and granulomatous (n=4) vasculitis were the major histopathological groups. Small vessel involvement was seen in 97% cases. Conclusion: Skin biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing cutaneous vasculitis. Small vessel vasculitis is the most common type of cutaneous vasculitis with the dominant cell type being neutrophilic. Eosinophilic infiltrate was exclusively associated with primary vasculitis. Keywords: Cutaneous vasculitis, Small vessel vasculitis, Skin biopsy INTRODUCTION Cutaneous vasculitis (CV) is an inflammatory process of the vessels leading to the destruction of their wall with subsequent hemorrhagic features with or without ischemic necrosis.1 The incidence of cutaneous vasculitis ranges from 15.4 to 29.7 cases per million per year.2,3 The condition usually affects adults with a slight female predominance, however, all ages may be afflicted. CV is classified histo-morphologically on the basis of size of vessel affected (small or medium vessel vasculitis) and on the basis of the dominant cell mediating inflammation- neutrophilic/leukocytoclastic, lymphocytic, eosinophilic and granulomatous. On the basis of etiology, they are classified as primary/idiopathic or secondary to an underlying cause like drug induced, connective tissue disorders, infections, malignancy, etc. Vasculitis in a medium or large vessel is defined as presence of inflammatory cells within their walls, whereas in small vessels diapedesis of various leukocytes often take place and this criteria alone is not significant. It must be associated with signs of vessel damage, such as fibrin within the walls, thrombi or endothelial necrosis. Veins are involved more commonly than arterioles. Clinically, CV can present with a variety of signs and symptoms like urticaria, palpable purpura, ulcers, maculopapular rash, nodules, hemorrhagic vesicles, etc. It can be limited to skin or manifest in other organs like kidney, lungs and heart. Due to this myriad of presentations, CV can mimic a variety of other dermatological and systemic diseases. Skin biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of cutaneous vasculitis complemented by clinical data and relevant haematological and immunological investigations. In this article, we will be presenting the histopathological spectrum of cutaneous vasc ulitis at a single centre of north India. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients with clinical suspicion of cutaneous vasculitis attending the dermatology OPD between August 2009 and July 2014 at a single tertiary referral centre of north India were included. An informed consent was taken wherever possible in writing. Approval was obtained from the institute’s research committee for compiling the data from the hospital records. A punch biopsy, 4mm in depth was taken from the edge of the lesion. Though efforts were made to collect most of the biopsies within 48 hours of appearance of the suspected vasculitic lesion, a few patients presented as late as 1 -2 weeks. These biopsies were routinely processed and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (HE). Serial sections were taken in which no vasculitis was identified on initial section. Elastic tissue staining to assess the damage to the elastic lamina in muscular vessels was also performed. Simultaneously, a hemogram, ESR, kidney and liver functions, rheumatoid factor and immunological tests like AN A and ANCA were also carried out for assessment. Direct immunoflourescence (DIF) could not be undertaken in any case due to poor patient affordability and lack of infrastructure. Patients with thrombocytopenia ( RESULTS Over 5 years a total of 480 skin biopsies were studied out of which 103 cases were performed in those with clinically suspected vasculitis. However, 62 out of these 103 cases were histologically confirmed to have vasculitis; the remaining had unremarkable and non-specific histologic features. Those with positive histological features had a mean age of 44.5 years [range 6-83 years] with the male to female ratio of 1.1:1. The maximum number of patients (n=15) were seen in the age group 31-40 years followed by those in the second decade. Clinically vasculitis was primary (n=48, 77.4%) or secondary (n=14; 22.5%). (Table I) History of drug intake and presence of recent upper respiratory tract infection was seen in 7 and 3 patients respectively. The commonest offending drugs were antibiotics of ÃŽ ²-lactam group and analgesics followed by anti-histaminics. Connective tissue disorders (n=3) and malignancy (n=1) were also found to be the cause of secondary vasculitis. Clinically palpable purpura was the most common finding followed by maculopapular rash.(Figure I). Three-quarters of granulomatous vasculitis presented clinically with symptoms of allergic granulomatosis; 25% (n=4/17) of leukocytoclastic vasculitis presented clinically with features of microscopic polyangiitis. Among the haematological parameters, a raised ESR was the most consistent finding. (Tables II III). Most of these were small vessel (venules and arterioles) vasculitis (n=60, 97%). Only 2 cases showed medium vessel vasculitis particularly associated with panniculitis. Depending upon the dominant cell mediating inflammation, the dominant cell type was neutrophilic (n=30), lymphocytic (n=18), eosinophilic (n=10), and granulomatous (n=4). Histopathological evaluation in neutrophilic vasculitis showed transmural infiltration of vessel wall with neutrophils (Figure II). Fibrinoid necrosis, neutrophilic debris with or without extravasated red cells were features of leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Lymphocytic vasculitis is shown in Figure III. Epithelioid granulomas were seen surrounding and destroying the vessel wall in granulomatous vasculitis with transmural vessel wall infiltration by lymphocytes and polymorphs (Figure IV). Medium vessel vasculitis showed infiltration by neutrophils in vessel wall which was associated with septal panniculitis. (Figure V). Six of the 10 cases with urticarial vasculitis had an eosinophilic infiltrate; the remaining showed lymphocytes predominantly. Clinically most cases (n=8; 47%) of idiopathic vasculitis were of neutrophilic type. Drug reaction was the commonest cause of secondary vasculitis (n=7) and most of these (n=4, 57%) showed lymphocytic infiltrate (Table IV). DISCUSSION Cutaneous vasculitis presents as a mosaic of clinical and histological findings due to varied pathogenic mechanisms.3 Even in the presence of suggestive dermatological lesions, biopsy showed histological features in nearly 60% cases. We observed primary vasculitic syndromes leading to cutaneous histologic changes in 77% of all cases. Joint pain and swelling was the main presenting feature, palpable purpura and maculopapular rash were the predominant clinical cutaneous markers and raised ESR was a consistent feature. Mostly small vessels were affected and neutrophils predominated in infiltrates. However, there was a substantial overlap in the calibre of the vessel, the cellular infiltrate and the clinical diagnosis. Our observations corroborate with the case series of Carlson et al in terms of the dominance of primary vasculitis and lack of organ involvement.3 Raised ESR was also observed by Ekenstam et al and Gupta et al.4, 5 Arthralgia was the commonest systemic manifestation also observed by Gupta et al. 5 Neural and renal involvement was seen in 15 (24.1%) and 18 (29%) patients respectively in our series. Earlier studies showed visceral involvement is seen in 6, 7, 8 Fatal disease occurs in a minority (3, 8 Different therapeutic approaches are the main reason for sub-classifying vasculitis. Avoidance or treatment of the causative factor may cure or limit the activity of secondary vasculitis; whereas immunosuppressive therapy is the treatment of choice for primary vasculitis. Given this broad range of presentations of cutaneous vasculitis and the numerous disorders that can mimic vasculitis, it is not surprising that it is difficult to correctly and confidently classify these patients. 9 Currently the most widely adopted vasculitis classification system is that of Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) which is based on pathologic criteria . 10 The other widely used system is that of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) which is based on clinical findings. 11-18 As yet, no ideal system of classification exists for vasculitis. 3, 19, 20 The most accepted classification is one which distinguishes between primary and secondary vasculitis, recognizes the dominant blood vessel size involved as well as incorporates patho-physiological markers such as direct immune-fluorescence (DIF) and ANCA.21,22 Therefore the classification of cutaneous vasculitis into specific syndromes is best first approached morphologically by determining vessel size and principal inflammatory response. 3 This is the first case series classifying cutaneous vasculitis based on the vessel calibre and histo-morphologic features from the north Indian state of Uttarakhand. Though, the referral centre caters to a million people, this data cannot be extrapolated to the general population as the people are treated in the periphery by practitioners, the data of which is non-existent. A major limitation of our study was the non-availability of direct immunofluorescence which is considered very important for delineating the immunoglubulin type. Nevertheless, since this facility is not available in most of the Indian subcontinent and there is a lack of expertise in the field of dermatopathology, our data merits attention. CONCLUSION Vasculitis occurs as a primary disorder or secondary to various medical conditions, the treatment differing accordingly. The severity may range from a self-limited condition to a life threatening disorder with multiple organ failure. Skin biopsy is an important tool in arriving at a definitive diagnosis duly complemented by clinical features, pertinent laboratory data, serological evaluation, ANCA with or without direct immunofluorescence. REFERENCES 1. Carlson JA, Cavaliere LE, Grant-Kels JM. Cutaneous Vasculitis: diagnosis and management. Clin Dermatol 2006; 24: 414-29. 2. Chen KR, Carlson JA. Clinical approach to cutaneous vasculitis. Am. J Clin Dermatol 2008; 9: 71-92. 3. Carlson JA, Ng BT, Chen KR. Cutaneous vasculitis update: diagnostic criteria, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, evaluation and prognosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2005; 27 (6): 504-28. 4. Ekenstam E, Callen JP. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis-clinical and laboratory features of 82 patients seen in private practice. Arch Dermatol 1984;120: 484-9 5. Gupta S, Handa S, Kanwar AJ, Radotra BD, Minz RW. Cutaneous Vasculitides: Clinico-pathological correlation. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009;75:356-62 6. Fiorentino DF. 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Causes of vasculitis in our study (n=62) Causes Number (%) Histomorphology Primary 48 (77.4) Neutrophilic (n=22) Lymphocytic (n=13) Eosinophilic (n=10) Granulomatous (n=3) Secondary 14 (22.5) Drugs 7 (50) Neutrophilic (n=3) Lymphocytic (n=3) Eosinophilic (n=1) Infections 3 (21.4) Neutrophilic (n=2) Granulomatous (n=1) Connective tissue disorders 3 (21.4) Lymphocytic (n=3) Malignancy 1 (7.1) Neutrophilic (n=1) Table II: Clinical features of cases with histologically proven vasculitis Clinical feature Number (%) Arthralgia/ arthritis 45 (72.5) Palpable purpura 34 (54.8) Maculopapular rash 18 (29.0) Fever 15 (24.1) Urticaria 12 (19.3) Nodule 4 (6.4) Papule 4 (6.4) Ulcer 2 (3.2) Haematuria 1 (1.6) Table III: Laboratory parameters of patients of patients with histologically proven vasculitis Parameter Positive Negative Not done Anemia 12 30 20 Raised ESR 50 12 Leukocytosis with neutrophilia 11 31 20 Eosinophilia 4 38 20 Thrombocytopenia 8 42 12 Kidney function tests 4 58 ANA 12 22 28 Anti-ds DNA 6 28 28 ANCA 16 46 CRP 12 26 24 Anti HCV 5 57 ASO titre 8 15 39 Table IV: Association of histomorphological diagnosis with clinical impression HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS Primary Small Vessel Vasculitis (n=48) Neutrophilic / Leukocytoclastic (n=22) Vasculitis(n=8) Pustular dermatosis (n=5) Microscopic polyangiitis (n=4) Rheumatoid vasculitis (n=2) Hypersensitivity vasculitis (n=1) Erythema Elevatun Diutinum (n=1) Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (n=1) Lymphocytic (n=13) Chronic Urticaria (n=4) Perniosis (n=3) Pityriasis Lichenoides (n=2) Atrophie Blanche (n=2) Erythema Annulare Centrifugum (n=1) Polymorphous Light Eruptions (n=1) Eosinophilic (n=10) Urticarial vasculitis (n=6) Prurigo nodularis (n=2) Hypersensitivity vasculitis (n=1) Granuloma faciale (n=1) Granulomatous (n=3) Allergic granulomatosis (n=2) Churg-Strauss Syndrome (n=1) Secondary Small Vessel Vasculitis (n= 12) Neutrophilic (n=6) Drug reaction (n=3) Behcet’s disease (n=1) Sweets syndrome (n=1) Acute neutrophilic dermatosis (n=1) Lymphocytic (n=5) Drug reaction (n=4) Discoid lupus erythematosis (n=1) Granulomatous (n=1) Wegener’s granulomatosis (n=1) Medium vessel vasculitis (n=2) Neutrophilic (n=2) Polyarteritis Nodosa (n=2) LEGENDS Figure I: Palpable purpura Figure II: H E (20x10X): Neutrophilic vasculitis Figure III: HE (10x10X): Lymphocytic vasculitis Figure IV: HE (20x 10X): Granulomatous vasculitis Figure V: HE (20x10X): Medium vessel vasculitis with panniculitis